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muhammad al biruni

His early patronage by the Khwārezm-Shāhs did not seem to have lasted long, for one of their subordinates rebelled against his master and killed him, thus causing a civil war (c. 996–998) that forced al-Bīrūnī to flee and seek patronage from the more formidable Sāmānid dynasty, which ruled the vast eastern lands of Islam, comprising what is now eastern Iran and much of Afghanistan. Gurunya yang terawal ialah Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Alt ibn Iraqin yang juga merupakan seorang pakar ilmu matematik dan alam. Nevertheless, he managed to become the most original polymath the Islamic world had ever known. Furthermore, in a perfect al-Bīrūnī manner, each work contains extremely original comments on seemingly unrelated subjects. The Ghaznavid and Seljuq periods produced first-rate scholars such as al-Bīrūnī (died 1048) who, writing in Arabic, investigated Hinduism... Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. At the age of forty-four in 1017 AD, Al-Biruni joined the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi, where he was appointed as an advisor on the study of planetary bodies. (362–440/973–1048) One of the greatest and most original scientists in the Islamic tradition, the Persian born al Biruni made vital and lasting contributions to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, geodesy, geography, mineralogy, pharmacology Wikisource. Date of birth. He was born in 973 and his contributions to science made him one of the greatest Muslim scientists and astronomers. In both cases he treated these matters with a scientific objectivity that matches the modern explanation. equivalent to 4 th of September 973 A.C. (Al-Shahb, 1968: 7). Al-Biruni was born on 5th September 973 at Khwarazm in Uzbekistan, and his full name was “Abu Rayhan Muhammad Ibn Ahmed Al-Biruni“. (2) Al-Biruni also composed an encyclopedia of astronomy, a treatise on geography and most significantly, a History of India (Tarikh al-Hind). He contributed to astronomy, mathematics, physics, medicine and history. Al-Biruni worked on the study of medicine and people. He laid the foundation of the study on multiple religions like Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam. Al-Biruni en un sello iraní de 1973. Al-Biruni’s method to measure the radius of the Earth, from (Source: Ref.13) Besides being a challenging mathematical problem, determining the direction of Mecca is a religious requirement for the performance of the ordained five daily prayers in Islam. Besides, he was a keen traveler, therefore, he visited India and worked on its languages, religion, and people. After serving for thirteen years, Mahmud Ghaznavi sent him to India in 1030 AD. Updates? However, he lived well into his seventies, and, since some of his surviving works are not mentioned in this index, the index is a partial list at best. Al-Biruni discovered the mathematical methods to find the distance between the Sun and Earth or Moon and the Earth with the help of old astrolabes. Beliau dilahirkan pada tahun 362 H (973 M) diBirun, ibu negara Khawarizm atau lebih dikenali sebagai Turkistan. He earned fame due to his research on India and wrote notes on its culture and people. Abu al-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni was born in 2 nd of Dzulhijjah 362 A.H., which is . Their quality was generally high, but a tendency toward facility can be observed in such buildings…, Abū Naṣr’s pupil al-Bīrūnī (973–1048), who produced a vast amount of high-quality work, was one of the masters in applying these theorems to astronomy and to such problems in mathematical geography as the determination of latitudes and longitudes, the distances between cities, and the direction from one city…. He dedicated work to 'Adud al-Daula, who was probably his patron, and to the prince of Balkh. Maḥmūd took Ghazna as his capital in 998 and demanded that both al-Bīrūnī and Avicenna join his court. Join Facebook to connect with Muhammad Albiruni and others you may know. Even though al-Bīrūnī was possibly the unwilling guest of a merciless warrior, he still made use of the occasion to pen the acute observations about India that would earn him fame as an ethnographer, anthropologist, and eloquent historian of Indian science. In the latter work, for example, is the most elaborate treatment of the Jewish calendar—more extensive than any surviving medieval Hebrew source and much more scientifically reasoned than any other treatment that this calendar had received up to that time. Salah seorang ilmuwan tersebut ialah Al Biruni atau nama asalnya Abu al-Raihan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni. Persian scholar and polymath. At the end of this book he makes a mention of having translated two Sanskrit books into Arabic, one called Sakayawhich deals with the creation of things and their types, and the second, Patanjal dealing … He was a colleague of the fellow philosopher and physician Abū Alī ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), the historian, philosopher and ethicist Ibn Miskawayh, in a university and science center established by prince Abu al-Abbas Ma'mun Khawarazmshah. To carry out his method Biruni only needed three things. Thus, not only did al-Bīrūnī not miss a chance to demonstrate the very useful role of the mathematical sciences in religion, but he also used the occasion (as he had done in his treatise on astrology) to include other scientific matters. He founded the way to measure the distance of the Earth’s surface. The Taḥdid nihāyāt al-amākin li-taṣḥīḥ masāfāt al-masākin (“Determination of the Coordinates of Places for the Correction of Distances Between Cities”) is al-Bīrūnī’s masterpiece in mathematical geography. The rest of the book details all the various projections of astrolabe parts, mainly retes (star projections), that al-Bīrūnī was familiar with or could imagine. From a young age he undertook serious scientific research and study, publishing a treatise on cartography at the age of 22. His Istīʿāb al-wujūh al-mumkinah fī ṣanʿat al-asṭurlāb (“Exhaustive Book on Astrolabes”) discusses the possibility of Earth’s motion, as a consequence of a particular case of one astrolabe projection, only to dismiss it quickly as philosophical speculation that should not preoccupy the practical astronomer and applied mathematician. ), Muslim astronomer, mathematician, ethnographist, anthropologist, historian, and geographer. A short while after al-Bīrūnī found refuge in the Sāmānid capital of Bukhara, a prince of another local dynasty, Qābūs ibn Voshmgīr, was also dethroned and sought help from the Sāmānids to regain his throne. He was also involved in a vitriolic exchange in Bukhara with the young Ibn Sina, who later gained fame for his Canon of Medicine. Description: Detail of image from the Chronology of Ancient Nations by Al-Biruni. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Al-Biruni's Classic Method. ابو ریحان بیرونی. Al-Biruni was an outstanding astronomer, mathematician, physicist, Physician, geographer, geologist and historian. He is notable for his correspondence with al-Biruni and for proposing that the Earth rotates around its axis in the 10th century. Muhammad Al Biruni is on Facebook. (1) He contributed theorems to geometry that thereafter bore his name. His time is known as the Golden Age of Islam. An equally encyclopaedic scientific work is the inimitable Al-Qānūn al-Masʿūdi (“The Masʿūdic Canon”), dedicated to Masʿūd, the son of Maḥmūd of Ghazna, in which al-Bīrūnī gathered together all the astronomical knowledge from such sources as Ptolemy’s Almagest and “Handy Tables” after having had these two particular works updated. This city was then the center of knowledge in the world. Help was apparently given, for the next record of al-Bīrūnī is when he was in the company of Qābūs in the city of Gurgān near the Caspian Sea. Since he spent the first twenty-five years of life in studies like logic, Islamic laws, philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy – the study of stars and planets. Besides, he learned Sanskrit to understand their scriptures. Knowledge of trigonometry. By the age of 22 in the year 995, he left his homeland and went to Bukhara. He also wrote notable books on chronology and history. This way he laid the foundation of knowing planetary distances. Al-Biruni became a well-known mathematician and an expert on astronomy (the study of planets and stars) in the Golden Age of Islam when his time’s other known figures, e.g. He came in contact with Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and exchanged views with him on various subjects. Just 29 years old, he had written half a dozen papers on astronomy and geodesics. A suitable mountain with a flat horizon in front of it so that angle of depression of horizon could be accurately measured. Listing al-Bīrūnī’s works is relatively easy, for he himself produced an index of his works up to when he was about 60 years old. Under the pretext of teaching astrology, he devoted almost two-thirds of this voluminous work to teaching his patron, the otherwise obscure Rayḥānah for whom the book was written, elementary mathematics, astronomy, geography, chronology, and the making of the astrolabe as an observational instrument. First Step He stayed there for around three years for getting education. He wrote a book on Indian history and culture known as “The History of India”. He capped that particular discussion with a solution to the rather sophisticated spherical trigonometric problem of determining the direction of Mecca along the local horizon at Ghazna. As he traveled to Central and South Asia, he studied people, their customs and cultures. Muhammad ibn al-Katib Sinan al-Qunawi, also known as Muhammad ibn Yusuf, was an Ottoman astronomer and muwaqqit in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. He was … Al-Bīrūnī did not seem to have any interest in the subject of astronomical cosmology, a subject usually broached by authors of a genre of Islamic astronomical literature called hayʾah texts that were much in the tradition of Ptolemy’s Planetary Hypotheses but often critical of that tradition. Of his own personal background even less is known. Al-Biruni devised a more sophisticated and reliable method to achieve this objective. After all those disciplines were clearly laid out in question-and-answer format, al-Bīrūnī then allowed his patron to venture into astrology proper—but not before warning her that he himself thought little of the subject. He invented a device through which he successfully determined the specific. His Al-Tafhīm li-awāʾil ṣināʿat al-tanjīm (“Elements of Astrology”) is still the most comprehensive treatment of the topic as it was then known. For example, he raised questions about the formation of mountains and explained the existence there of fossils by positing that Earth was once underwater. (He also raised these questions in his book on India). According to Max Meyerhoff, Al-Biruni is perhaps the most prominent figure in the phalanx of those universally learned Muslim scholars who characterize the Golden Age of Islamic Science. The information on Al-Biruni’s early life is rare. His time is known as the Golden Age of Islam. Only a minuscule number of his output, 22 titles, has survived, and only about half of that has been published. Due to his intelligence, Al-Biruni not only remained closed to the rulers but he even helped settle disputes between tribes and also worked for them on scientific and religious matters. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. He served more than six different princes, all … Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) lived around. He wrote a book on medicine in which he made a list of drugs with similar names. (3) He was the most original polymath the Islamic world had ever known. Al-Biruni died at Gazni, in Afghanistan. In the introduction to his book on pharmacology, he wrote about the importance of language in identifying drugs and in that context took an excursion into the relative worth of languages. Biografi Al Biruni. Abu Sa'id Ahmed ibn Mohammed ibn Abd al-Jalil al-Sijzi was an Iranian Muslim astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. Al-Biruni's fame as an Indologist rests primarily on two texts. Al-Biruni wrote an encyclopedic work on India called Taḥqīq mā li-l-Hind min maqūlah maqbūlah fī al-ʿaql aw mardhūlah (variously translated as "Verifying All That the Indians Recount, the Reasonable and the Unreasonable" or "The book confirming what pertains to India, whether rational or despicable" ) in which he explored nearly every aspect of Indian life, including religion, history, geography, geology, science, and mathematics. During his journey throug… Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. His only other competing encyclopaedic work, in terms of depth and extent of coverage, is The Chronology of Ancient Nations, which is devoted to a universal anthropological account of various cultures and which even records the lore of long-dead cultures or of other cultures that were about to disappear. A pioneer of Ottoman astronomy, especially in the field of astronomical instruments and timekeeping, he served as muwaqqit at various mosques, and eventually at the Sublime Porte under Suleiman the Magnificent. Salah seorang ilmuwan tersebut ialah Al Biruni atau nama asalnya Abu al-Raihan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni. Omissions? He had access to learning, became attached to several different courts, and died at the age of 65 in Ghazni, Afghanistan. He studied mathematics and astronomy under Abu Nasr Mansur. Taken together, these two works preserve the best premodern description of the cultures al-Bīrūnī came to know. Al-Bīrūnī’s Maqālīd ʿilm al-hayʾah (“Keys to Astronomy”), Al-jamāhir fī maʿrifat al-jawāhir (“Gems”), Kitāb al-ṣaydanah (“Pharmacology”), and Ifrād al-maqāl fī amr al-ẓilāl (The Exhaustive Treatise on Shadows), to name only a few, dealt with specific subjects, but in each case the subject was given comprehensive treatment. Beliau dilahirkan pada tahun 362 H (973 M) diBirun, ibu negara Khawarizm atau lebih dikenali sebagai Turkistan. Due to his such contribution, he was given the title of ‘the Founder of Indology’. However, it is impossible A.C. Sparavigna - The Science of al-Biruni – Dec 2013 3 Figure 1 - Al-Biruni’s method to measure the radius of the Earth, from Ref.13 As discussed in [12], al-Biruni considered the world, that is the universe, had come into existence in time, as Muslims believed, and then it was not eternal like Aristotle told. Al-Biruni became aware of every walk of Indian life. Al-Bīrūnī also dedicated his Al-Āthār al-bāqiyyah ʿan al-qurūn al-khāliyyah (The Chronology of Ancient Nations) to Qābūs. Since the al-Biruni’s self-constructed instrument could have measure angles up to 10’ of the arc, the key to the precision of the measurement is a precise sine value, which he seems to have obtained from various Indian sources [14]. Because of his intelligence, rulers of his time would keep him in their company. Avicenna managed to escape, but al-Bīrūnī did not, and he worked in Ghazna until the end of his life when he was not accompanying Maḥmūd on his campaigns into northern India. We use cookies for the improvement of user experience. He was born in Khwārezm, in the region beyond the ancient Oxus River (the river now known as the Amu Darya), and he was educated by a Khwārezm-Shāh prince, Abū Naṣr Manṣūr ibn ʿIrāq, a member of the dynasty that ruled the area and possibly a patron of al-Bīrūnī. Al-Rāzī, in full Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī, Latin Rhazes, (born c. 854, Rayy, Persia [now in Iran]—died 925/935, Rayy), celebrated alchemist and Muslim philosopher who is also considered to have been the greatest physician of the Islamic world.. One tradition holds that al-Rāzī was already an alchemist before he gained his medical knowledge. Some of the mathematical works of this prince were written especially for al-Bīrūnī and are at times easily confused with al-Bīrūnī’s own works. Facebook gives people the power to share … Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections?

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1.Problèmatique

1

Problèmatique

Nicole, commerçante à Montgenèvre a comme projet de créer une chambre d’hôte. Elle souhaite être aidé mais habite à 1h45 de Gap, lieu dans lequel elle doit effectuer ses démarches administratives.

Paul, agent de service public va aider Nicole dans ses démarches.

2.Prise de rendez-vous

2

Prise de rendez-vous

Nicole contacte un agent de la chambre de commerce par téléphone.

L’agent dispose de l’application Visiorendez-vous sur laquelle il peut planifier le rendez-vous. Il détermine le Relais de Services Publics (RSP) le plus proche de chez l’usager grâce à la recherche géographique, ce sera celui de l’Argentière-la-Bessée.

Le rendez-vous est fixé 2 semaines plus tard avec Paul, un agent spécialisé dans la création de chambre d’hôtes.

3.Rendez-vous

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Rendez-vous

Le jour du rendez-vous, Nicole se rend au RSP de l’Argentière-la-Bessée, à seulement 25 min de chez elle.

Elle se place en face de l’écran prévu à cet effet, un message s’affiche : «Votre rendez-vous avec Paul, de la chambre de commerce de Gap, va commencer dans 12 minutes…»

Le poste est équipé d’une webcam, d’un scanner et d’une imprimante.

4.Echange visio

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Echange visio

A tout moment Nicole peut transmette un document en le plaçant dans le scanner. C’est Paul qui lance la numérisation à distance.

De son côté, l’agent peut imprimer un document sur l’imprimante située à proximité de Nicole.

Paul peut également en partager son écran à Nicole. Lorsque tout est terminé, il met fin à la réunion visio.

Hautes Alpes

25services utilisent nos applications

Dans le département des Hautes Alpes, ce sont plus de 25 services publics qui sont disponibles dans 50 relais de service public. Chacun de ces lieux est équipé d’une tablette ou d’un ordinateur, connecté à une imprimante et un scanner sans fil. Chaque usager peut ainsi contacter et travailler avec l’ensemble des service publics du département. Simple pour l’usager car le rendez- vous démarre automatiquement, simple pour l’agent du service public car nous utilisons Microsoft Lync, et économique pour la collectivité.